Given at the end is an article. Analyze it and output in the following JSON format.
{
"analysis": {
"bias": {
"score": "1-10, where 1-10 measures UNFAIR or UNHELPFUL bias.
As the AI analyst, you must judge:
1. Fairness of Bias:
- Is the tone/alarm proportional to events?
- Is criticism warranted by facts?
- Are similar actions judged equally?
2. Utility of Bias:
- Does the bias help readers understand real implications?
- Does it highlight genuine concerns that neutral language might minimize?
- Does it provide valuable context through its perspective?
Example: An article about climate change might use emotional language
and scary scenarios. While this is technically 'bias', it might be
USEFUL bias if it helps readers grasp real dangers that cold, neutral
language would understate.
A high bias score should only be given when bias is both unfair AND unhelpful.",
"description": "Explain both unfair and useful bias found. For each biased element:
1. Is it fair/warranted?
2. Does it serve a valuable purpose for readers?
3. Should it be removed or retained?"
},
"missing_context_misinformation": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"", # DIRECTLY provide essential context the reader needs without ANY phrases like "the article lacks/doesn't/fails to mention/omits" etc. Simply state the relevant facts. Each point up to 5 sentences as needed. Up to 10 points. NEVER refer to the article itself or what it's missing - just supply the information directly. The missing context should try to compensate for the bias in the article, and not just add related information.
]
},
"disinformation_lies": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"" # Provide corrections for verifiably false statement. These lines should be brief. Upto 10 points.
# Use Wikipedia (via the search tool) to verify events and dates up through 2025-07-27. Any event dated ≤ 2025-07-27 should not be marked as disinformation if it matches Wikipedia. Only flag statements you can not verify or that Wikipedia contradicts as of 2025-07-27.”
]
}
},
"summary": [], # A list of 2 to 5 paragraphs. Provide a version that: * Retains key facts and proportional concerns, * Removes unfair bias while keeping warranted criticism, * Adds critical missing context, * Corrects any inaccuracies. Remove author attribution. Maintain article's POV - no meta-references. You can decide the most appropriate length based on the article.summary can be longer than the article if needed.
"title": "Provide an Appropriate Title Based on the Article's Content.",
"changes_made": [
"List significant changes made in the summary",
"Include both removals and additions",
"Note bias adjustments"
],
"key_words": [
"3-10 relevant terms to help identify related articles",
"Focus on major themes and topics"
],
"keywords_update": {
"keyword-to-add-or-update": "new summary or updated to replace the previous"
}
}
KEYWORDS UPDATE INSTRUCTIONS:
- We want to save new information from beyond your knowledge cutoff of Mar 2024.
- Information can come from the provided article or Wikipedia.
- Pick up to 3 keywords of highest importance to update with new information.
- If a keyword lacks a summary, write one from scratch.
- For each keyword, list one line per new fact (up to 50 sentences per keyword).
- Each fact must:
1. Be one or two sentences long.
2. End with 1-3 references in brackets, e.g. [apnews], [nytimes,wikipedia].
3. Immediately after the reference(s), append a hyphen and the date of the event or when the fact was reported, in ISO format:
`Statement. [source] - [YYYY-MM-DD]`
- If you update an existing keyword's source (e.g. [foxnews] → [apnews]), ensure the replacement is supported by an article.
- Ensure each keyword is specific enough that its new facts warrant inclusion.
<example>
ARTICLE TOPIC
Raiding of 100+ immigrants allegedly illegal alients and alleged members from the Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua, MS-13, and the Hells Angels for deportation. Authorities also found drugs at the underground nightclub at a strip mall in Colorado Springs. President Donald Trump praised the raid, saying on TruthSocial it had targeted some of the worst people in the US, whom he alleged judges are reluctant to deport.
keywords worth updating:
tren-de-aragua (I am sure this gang has a big list of information, but this deportation will be worth a mention)
tren-de-aragua+deportation (a more specific keyword that can take more detail about this incident)
trump+illegal_deportation (add this to the list of illegal deportations conducted by trump administration)
colorado_springs (this is a unique event for this town. an update here will add some trivia.)
trump+immigration (a key fact worth mentioning about how trump is implementation his immigration policies)
keywords to not update:
trump (too broad. not one of top 50 facts related to trump.)
illegal_deportation (depending upon existing content, may be too crowded for this incident to be added)
colorado (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
drug_raids (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
</example>
<existing_keywords_summaries>
air-india-flight-171+crash-investigation :
boeing-787+fuel-control-switches :
cockpit-voice-recorder+pilot-identification :
aaib+investigation-procedures :
aviation-suicide+pilot-intent :
fadec-system+engine-shutdown :
ntsb+international-investigations :
pilot-error+speculation :
aviation-media-coverage+investigation-integrity :
boeing-787+safety-record :
air-india-flight-171+crash-investigation :
boeing-787+fuel-control-switches :
cockpit-voice-recorder+pilot-identification :
aaib+investigation-procedures :
aviation-suicide+pilot-intent :
air-india-flight-171+media-speculation :
aviation-investigation+media-ethics :
cockpit-voice-recorder+transcript-disclosure :
fadec-system+malfunction-theories :
pilot-suicide+aviation-investigations :
</existing_keywords_summaries>
<wikipedia_requested_titles>
TITLE Air India Flight 171
Air India Flight 171 was an international passenger flight operated by Indian flag carrier Air India from Ahmedabad Airport in India to London Gatwick Airport in United Kingdom. On 12 June 2025, at 13:39 IST a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner operating the flight crashed into the boys hostel of B.J Medical College thirty seconds after takeoff. All 12 crew members and 229 of 230 passengers on board, as well as 19 people on the ground died in the crash. It was the first fatal crash involving a Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
== Background ==
=== Airline and flight ===
Air India started flight from Ahmedabad Airport to London Gatwick Airport in March 2023. The flight was popular with people visiting family and friends. It was also used by people traveling for medical care. The flight was usually almost full.
=== Airplane ===
The airplane was a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner registered as VT-ANB first flew on 11 December 2013. Air India got it new on 28 January 2014. It had two General Electric GEnx-1B67 engines. A check of the plane on 4 May 2025 found no big problems. But later, a check by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) found that Air India had not fixed some small problems on its 787 planes, including some with fuel pumps.
=== Pilots and crew ===
Captain Sumeet Sabharwal, age 55. He had 15,638 hours of flying experience. 8,596 of these hours were in the Boeing 787. He was an instructor who taught other pilots how to fly the 787.
First Officer Clive Kundar, age 34. He had 3,403 hours of flying experience. 1,128 of these hours were in the 787. He started working for Air India in 2022.
There were also 10 cabin crew members. All of them had finished their regular 787 training in May 2025.
== Accident ==
=== Flight ===
This table shows what happened during the flight. The information comes from the plane's flight recorders, or "black boxes".
=== Crash ===
The student building was a four-floor building made of strong concrete. 220 students and doctors lived there. The right wing of the plane cut through the dining room on the top floor during lunch time. Fuel from the broken plane tanks started a very big fire. The fire burned for almost six hours.
== Victims ==
The crash killed all but one of the 242 people aboard the aircraft and 19 on the ground. At least 60 were also injured on the ground. By 13 June, police officials said that six bodies had been released to their families. Among the casualties was Vijay Rupani, the former Chief Minister of Gujarat (2016–2021), whose body was identified through DNA identification. The intense heat of the crash, which had reached an estimated 1,500 °C (2,700 °F), hindered DNA collection and testing. By 28 June 2025, DNA tests had confirmed the identities of all 260 fatalities.
A 40-year-old British citizen, Vishwash Kumar Ramesh, sitting in seat 11A next to an emergency exit was the only survivor of the crash. Ramesh said that the section of the aircraft where he was seated detached and came to rest on the ground floor of the hostel, and that he escaped through an opening created by the emergency exit breaking open. He was recorded on video walking away from the crash by himself, and then being led to an ambulance. Doctors said that Ramesh was in stable condition with minor injuries, including burns to his left hand, and was released from hospital after five days. His brother, who had been sitting in a different row, didn't survive.
At least 50 medical students from the hostel buildings were hospitalised. The dean of the college said that "most of the students escaped, but 10 or 12 were trapped in the fire".
== Search and rescue ==
More than 450 rescue workers from agencies including the National Disaster Response Force, Border Security Force, Central Reserve Police Force, and Indian Army arrived at the crash site in 15 minutes. They found the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder (FDR), the plane's "black boxes", by 13 June.
== Investigation ==
India's Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) is leading the investigation. Experts from the United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Boeing, and engine maker GE are helping.
On 8th July, AAIB Published preliminary report of the incident with it's initial fidings.
According to a preliminary investigation by India's Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau, both engines lost thrust after their fuel control switches moved from the RUN to CUTOFF position seconds after takeoff which caused both engines to shutdown during initial climb resulting in stall and subsequent impact into buildings. The cause of the switch movement remains under investigation.
=== Accusations of a Cover-Up ===
Since the preliminary report of Air India 171 was released, there have been accusations that Boeing has been covering up details of the crash as the preliminary report has “unfounded information”.
== What happened after ==
On 21 June, the DGCA gave Air India 15 days to explain why it had safety problems. The DGCA also ordered checks on all of Air India's 33 Boeing 787s.
Air India's owner, Tata Group, said it would give ₹1 crore to the family of each person who died.
The flight numbers AI 171 and AI 172 will not be used again. The flight to London Gatwick was set to resume with a new flight number.
== Impact ==
The crash ended the Boeing 787's 14-year record of no fatal accidents. People also looked again at problems with how Boeing makes its planes.
== See also ==
Mandala Airlines Flight 091 – A 2005 crash in Indonesia where many people on the ground were killed
Spanair Flight 5022 – A 2008 crash where the pilots did not set the flaps correctly for take-off
List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 787
== References ==
TITLE Boeing 787
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a passenger aircraft made by Boeing. Its first flight took place on 15 December 2009. It was planned to be released earlier, but the first passenger flight of the airplane was in October 2011. Because of delays some airlines got their aircraft more than two years late.
The aircraft has had some problems. On January 16, 2013, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) said that no 787s were allowed to fly in the U.S. due to batteries catching fire. Several other countries also banned the 787 from flying in their country. The problem was fixed and the airplanes returned to flight in April. Already 10 Dreamliners are scrapped.
== History ==
In the late 1990s Boeing wanted to make a plane called the Sonic Cruiser, which would go very fast. But after the September 11, 2001 attacks fuel prices went up, so airlines wanted more efficient planes rather than faster ones. Boeing cancelled the Sonic Cruiser and replaced it in January 2003 with the "7E7," which was the code name for the 787 at the time. In July 2003, Boeing decided to call the new plane the "Dreamliner."
On April 26, 2004, Japanese airline All Nippon Airways became the launch customer for the 7E7, and they expected to have the plane delivered in 2008. In 2005 it was renamed the 787.
The 787 was designed to be much more efficient. It did this by using composite to build most of the plane instead of aluminum, which made the plane lighter. It also used two new engine types, the General Electric GEnx and the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000. According to Boeing, the 787 consumes 20% less fuel than the similarly-sized 767.
In December 2006 Boeing said that the 787 was heavier than they expected, so the plane was delayed. Also, Boeing had tried to shorten the time to make the plane by asking parts suppliers to assemble parts of the plane. These parts manufacturers were not used to the extra work though, and this delayed the 787 even more.
Boeing started to test the 787 on the ground. They found more problems and the plane was delayed even more. Finally on December 15, 2009 the 787 went on its first flight. Boeing began testing the plane in the air. There were more problems, like a failure of one of the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines, and an in flight fire, which delayed the plane even more. Some airlines wanted to be paid back for all the delays. Finally in July 2011, Boeing delivered their first 787 to ANA.
== Features ==
The Boeing 787 has a common type rating as the Boeing 777, which means that a pilot who trains in one of the planes can easily switch to the other with very little additional training.
One of the most interesting features of the 787 is the sawtooth pattern at the back of the engine. According to Boeing this makes the plane quieter for people on the plane and on the ground. The engines also have sound absorbing material at the front of the engine to make the plane even quieter.
The inside of the 787 is the most noticeable feature. The windows are much bigger on the 787 than on other planes because the plane is made mostly of composite, which is stronger than the aluminum which is used on most other planes. Also, the windows of the plane don't use slide-down shades like most planes. Instead they have buttons which can make the window darker or lighter. The inside of the plane also uses LED lighting. This lets the plane change the colors of the lights inside.
The fact that the plane is made of composites instead of aluminum makes the passengers more comfortable. Most passenger planes fly so high that they need to pump air into the cabin so the passengers can breathe. Most planes pump in enough air so that the passengers feel like they are at about 8000 feet (2400 meters). But since the 787 uses composites, which are stronger than aluminum, the plane can pump in more air so the passengers feel like they are at about 6000 feet (1800 meters). The composite is also less vulnerable to corrosion, so the plane can have a higher humidity than most other planes. Boeing says that these improvements will make passengers feel better after a long flight.
== Variants ==
Boeing makes 3 variants of the Dreamliner: the 787-8, the 787-9, and the 787-10. The 787-10 is in testing. They were also going to make the 787-3, but it was later cancelled due to low airline demand.
=== 787-8 ===
The -8 is the shortest 787 variant, flying 210 people about 15200 km. It started flying in 2011. The -8 will replace the Boeing 767-200ER and Boeing 767-300ER aircraft. It is meant for very long trips with fewer passengers, where a bigger plane will not make enough money for the airline.
=== 787-9 ===
The -9 is a larger 787 and has a range of about 15750 km. It can fly about 270 people and started production in 2014. It can carry more weight than the -8, and is longer than the -8. It competes against the Airbus A330-300 and A330-200 aircraft. It will replace the Boeing 767-400ER.
=== 787-10 ===
The -10 is larger than both the 787-8 and the 787-9. It will carry about 300 people, but to do that it will have less range. It will compete with the Airbus A350, and it will also replace the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft.
=== 787-3 (Cancelled) ===
The -3 was going to be the smallest and would have the shortest range at about 5000 km, and would fly about 290 people. It would have flown only domestic flights. It was only ordered by two Japanese airlines. At first these Japanese airlines had ordered the 787-3, but since the plane was late the airlines cancelled their orders. This made Boeing scrap the 787-3.
== References ==
TITLE List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft 1960 – 1989
The list of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft has been split up by year. They can be found at:
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft 1919 – 1959
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft 1960 – 1989
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft 1990 – 2021
TITLE Alaska Airlines Flight 261
Alaska Airlines Flight 261 was an international passenger flight from Puerto Vallarta to a stopover in San Francisco International Airport, to its destination in Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. The McDonnell Douglas MD-83 aircraft was carrying 83 passengers and 5 crew members aboard. It suffered a serious mechanical failure caused by a jackscrew on January 31, 2000, while flying over the Pacific Ocean, and crashed into 4.3 km north of Anacapa Island in California. There were no survivors.
Flight 261 left Puerto Vallarta at 14:30 PST. While en-route to San Francisco, the crew became aware of a horizontal stabilizer jam and kept Alaska Airlines maintenance informed of the issue while airborne at FL310. Captain Tansky tried a solution to unjam the stabilizer. The stabilizer unjammed and the aircraft assumed an extreme nose down attitude. Both pilots applied back pressure to their controls and recovered from the dive at FL260. The flight crew contact Los Angeles ARTCC to tell them that they are descending through FL260.
== Accident ==
At 16:11, ARTCC asked Flight 261 about their condition, and the flight crew notified them that they were trying to troubleshoot a jammed horizontal stabilizer. The crew then requested, and were granted an altitude block between 20,000 and 25,000 feet. They were then handed off to Los Angeles Center 5 minutes later, who they notified of their intentions to divert to Los Angeles International Airport and their troubles in maintaining their altitude. Flight 261 was then cleared to FL170 and the crew then requested another block of altitude. This was the last transmission from the plane.
Captain Tansky then commented on the plane's tendency to want to pitch down. There were metallic thumping sounds and finally, the stabilizer gave way and the MD-83 pitched over violently, to which Captain Tansky replied, "this is a b*tch". The aircraft rapidly begins to descend, and the MD-83 was seen 'tumbling, spinning, nose down, continuous roll, corkscrewing and inverted'.
A pilot commented that "that plane has just started to do a big huge plunge". While inverted, the engines experience multiple compressor stalls and likely failed, causing the aircraft's rapid final descent. Just before 16:22 PST, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashed inverted into the Pacific Ocean. None of 88 passengers and crew members aboard survived.
== Memorial ==
The aircraft, manufactured in 1992, had more than 26,000 flight hours at the time of the accident.
Among the 88 passengers were 12 employees of Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air, which led to a mourning on the part of the airline for those killed in this accident. Alaska Airlines stated that it was common for employees to occupy places that would otherwise go empty. Bouquets of flowers arrived at the airline's headquarters in Seattle - Tacoma, Washington the next day. Due to the extreme efforts of the pilots to regain control of the aircraft, their quick reaction to the emergency and the decision to avoid flying over populated areas, the international association of airline pilots awarded both the gold medal posthumously.
== Identification of the bodies ==
The following indicators were used to identify the bodies of the victims of Alaska Airlines Flight 261:
Fingerprints.
Dental records
Tattoos
Personal items.
Anthropological examinations.
== Maps ==
== Other websites ==
NTSB Final Report
Alaska Airlines news reports about 261 (Archive)
Cockpit voice recorder transcript and accident summary
Families of Alaska Airlines Flight 261
"Navy expands search for debris at Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crash scene", United States Navy (Archive)
Applying Lessons Learned from Accidents, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 – Informative analysis at faa.gov, with technical diagrams and photos (Archive)
Federal Aviation Administration – Lessons Learned Home: Alaska Airlines Flight 261 Archived 2021-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
Seattle Post-Intelligencer special report (Archive)
Short Bios of Flight 261 Passengers
TITLE Air Crash Investigation
Air Crash Investigation (or just Mayday in some countries) is a Canadian documentary television program examining air crashes, near-crashes, hijackings, bombings, and other disasters.
Throughout the episodes, the victims or relatives and friends of the victims are interviewed adding more information about the cases with their relatives. Additionally, retired aviation experts, pilots and researchers are interviewed about the tests and explain how these emergencies occurred and how they could have been prevented.
== Episodes ==
Note: Episodes are ordered by their production number, not by their original air date.
=== Season 1 (2003) ===
=== Season 2 (2005) ===
=== Season 3 (2005) ===
Note: This is the first season produced in high definition, according to Cineflix.
=== Season 4 (2007) ===
=== Season 5 (2008) ===
=== Season 6 (2007–08) Special ===
Season 6 of Mayday is the first Science of Disaster season, consisting of three episodes.
=== Season 7 (2009) ===
=== Season 8 (2009) Special ===
Season 8 of Mayday is the second Science of Disaster season, consisting of two episodes.
=== Season 9 (2010) ===
=== Season 10 (2011) ===
=== Season 11 (2011–12) ===
=== Season 12 (2012–13) ===
=== Season 13 (2013–14) ===
=== Season 14 (2015) ===
=== Season 15 (2016) ===
=== Season 16 (2016–17) ===
=== Season 17 (2017) ===
=== Season 18 (2018) ===
=== Season 19 (2019) ===
=== Season 20 (2020) ===
=== Season 21 (2021) ===
=== Season 22 (2022) ===
=== Season 23 (2023) ===
=== Season 24 (2024) ===
=== Season 25 (2025) ===
== Seasons ==
== Notes ==
== References ==
</wikipedia_requested_titles>
Given below is the article you have to analyze. Generate the JSON as per schema with relevant keyword summaries as per instructions.
strictly response in json formate.
<article>
When the preliminary report into the crash of Air India Flight 171 - which killed 260 people in June - was released, many hoped it would bring some measure of closure. Instead, the 15-page report further stoked speculation. For, despite the measured tone of the report, one detail continues to haunt investigators, aviation analysts and the public alike. Seconds after take-off, both fuel-control switches on the 12-year-old Boeing 787 abruptly moved to "cut-off", cutting fuel to the engines and causing total power loss - a step normally done only after landing. The cockpit voice recording captures one pilot asking the other why "did he cut-off", to which the person replies that he didn't. The recording doesn't clarify who said what. At the time of take-off, the co-pilot was flying the aircraft while the captain was monitoring. The switches were returned to their normal inflight position, triggering automatic engine relight. At the time of the crash, one engine was regaining thrust while the other had relit but had not yet recovered power. The plane was airborne for less than a minute before crashing into a neighbourhood in the western Indian city of Ahmedabad. Several speculative theories have emerged since the preliminary report - a full report is expected in a year or so. The Wall Street Journal and Reuters news agency have reported that "new details in the probe of last month's Air India crash are shifting the focus to the senior pilot in the cockpit". Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera claimed that its sources had told them the first officer repeatedly asked the captain why he "shut off the engines". Sumeet Sabharwal, 56, was the captain on the flight, while Clive Kunder, 32, was the co-pilot who was flying the plane. Together, the two pilots had more than 19,000 hours of flight experience - nearly half of it on the Boeing 787. Both had passed all pre-flight health checks before the crash. Understandably, the wave of speculative leaks has rattled investigators and angered Indian pilots. Last week, India's Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), the lead investigator, stated in a release that "certain sections of the international media are repeatedly attempting to draw conclusions through selective and unverified reporting". It described these "actions [as] irresponsible, especially while the investigation remains ongoing". Jennifer Homendy, chairwoman of the US's National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which is assisting the investigation, said on X that the media reports were "premature and speculative" and that “investigations of this magnitude take time". Back in India, the Indian Commercial Pilots' Association condemned the rush to blame the crew as "reckless" and "deeply insensitive", urging restraint until the final report is out. Sam Thomas, head of the Airline Pilots' Association of India (ALPA India), told the BBC that "speculation has triumphed over transparency", emphasising the need to review the aircraft's maintenance history and documentation alongside the cockpit voice recorder data. At the heart of the controversy is the brief cockpit recording in the report - the full transcript, expected in the final report, should shed clearer light on what truly happened. A Canada-based air accident investigator, who preferred to remain unnamed, said that the excerpt of the conversation in the report presents several possibilities. For example, "if pilot 'B' was the one who operated the switches - and did so unwittingly or unconsciously - it's understandable that they would later deny having done it," the investigator said. "But if pilot 'A' operated the switches deliberately and with intent, he may have posed the question knowing full well that the cockpit voice recorder would be scrutinised, and with the aim of deflecting attention and avoiding identification as the one responsible. "Even if the AAIB is eventually able to determine who said what, that doesn't decisively answer the question 'Who turned the fuel off?'". "We may even never know the answer to that question." Investigators told the BBC that while there appeared to be strong evidence the fuel switches were manually turned off, it's still important to keep "an open mind". A glitch in the plane's Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system - which monitors engine health and performance - could, in theory, trigger an automatic shutdown if it receives false signals from sensors, some pilots suggest. However, if the pilot's exclamation - 'why did you cut-off [the fuel]?' - came after the switches moved to cut-off (as noted in the preliminary report), it would undermine that theory. The final report will likely include time-stamped dialogue and a detailed analysis of engine data to clarify this. Speculation has been fuelled less by who said what, and more by what wasn't said. The preliminary report withheld the full cockpit voice recorder (CVR) transcript, revealing only a single, telling line from the final moments. This selective disclosure has raised questions: was the investigation team confident about the speakers' identities but chose to withhold the rest out of sensitivity? Or are they still uncertain whose voices they were hearing and needed more time to fully investigate the matter before publishing any conclusions? Peter Goelz, former NTSB managing director, says the AAIB should release a voice recorder transcript with pilot voices identified. "If any malfunctions began during take-off, they would be recorded in the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and would likely have triggered alerts in the flight management system - alerts the crew would almost certainly have noticed and, more importantly, discussed." Investigators are urging restraint in drawing conclusions. "We have to be cautious because it's easy to assume that if the switches were turned off, it must mean intentional action - pilot error, suicide, or something else. And that's a dangerous path to go down with the limited information we have," Shawn Pruchnicki, a former airline accident investigator and aviation expert at Ohio State University, told the BBC. At the same time, alternative theories continue to circulate. Indian newspapers including the Indian Express flagged a possible electrical fire in the tail as a key focus. But the preliminary report makes clear: the engines shut down because both fuel switches were moved to cut-off - a fact backed by recorder data. If a tail fire occurred, it likely happened post-impact, triggered by spilled fuel or damaged batteries, an independent investigator said. Last week, AAIB chief GVG Yugandhar stressed that the preliminary report aims to "provide information about 'WHAT' happened". "It's too early for definite conclusions," he said, emphasising the investigation is ongoing and the final report will identify "root causes and recommendations". He also pledged to share updates on "technical or public interest matters" as they arise. Summing up, Mr Pruchnicki said the probe "boils down to two possibilities - either deliberate action or confusion, or an automation-related issue". "The report doesn't rush to blame human error or intent; there's no proof it was done intentionally," he added. In other words, no smoking gun - just an uneasy wait for answers that may never even fully emerge.
</article>